Labeled Plant And Animal Cell Explain How The Structure Of Plasma Relate To Its Function?
Definition of animal jail cell
An animal jail cell is a eukaryotic jail cell that lacks a jail cell wall, and it is enclosed by the plasma membrane. The cell organelles are enclosed by the plasma membrane including the cell nucleus. Unlike the animal prison cell lacking the cell wall, plant cells take a cell wall.
- Animals are a big group of diverse living organisms that brand upwards three-quarters of all species on world. With their power to motility, respond to stimuli, respond to environmental changes, and adapt to different modes of feeding defence mechanisms and reproduction, all these mechanisms are enhanced by their constituent elements in the body. However, animals cannot manufacture their own food similar plants and hence they depend on plants in i way or some other.
- All living things are made up of cells that make up their trunk structure. Some of these living things are single-celled (unicellular) and other organisms are made up of more than one prison cell (Multicellular).
- A jail cell is the smallest (microscopic) structural-functional unit of life of an organism. The cells that constitute an animal are called Animal cells and those that plant plants are known as plant cells.
- Most cells are covered by a protective membrane known as the cell wall which gives the cells their shape and rigidity.
- Since animal cells lack a rigid cell wall it allows them to develop a great diversity of jail cell types, tissues, and organs. The nerves and muscles are fabricated up of specialized cells that plant cells cannot evolve to class, hence giving these nerve and muscle cells take the ability to move.
Animal cell size and shape
- Beast cells come in all kinds of shapes and sizes, with their size ranging from a few millimeters to micrometers. The largest animal cell is the ostrich egg which has a 5-inch diameter, weighing virtually one.2-ane.4 kg and the smallest beast cells are neurons of nigh 100 microns in diameter.
- Animate being cells are smaller than the plant cells and they are more often than not irregular in shape taking various forms of shapes, due to lack of the cell wall. Some cells are round, oval, flattened or rod-shaped, spherical, concave, rectangular. This is due to the lack of a jail cell wall. Note: almost of the cells are microscopic hence they tin can only exist seen under a microscope in order to report their anatomy.
- Only animal cells share other cellular organelles with institute cells as both accept evolved from eukaryotic cells.
- As noted earlier, animal cells are eukaryotic cells with a membrane-bound nucleus. therefore they have their genetic material in the form of DNA enclosed in the nucleus. They as well have several structural organelles within the plasma membrane which perform various specific functions for proper cell function and generally to maintain the body normal mechanisms.
Listing of Animal jail cell organelles
- Plasma membrane (Cell membrane)
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi appliance (Golgi bodies/Golgi complex)
- Lysosomes
- Cytoskeleton
- Microtubules
- Centrioles
- Peroxisomes
- Cilia and Flagella
- Endosome
- Vacuoles
- Microvilli
Creature cell structure
Figure: Diagram of Creature Cell, created with biorender.com
The animal prison cell is made up of several structural organelles enclosed in the plasma membrane, that enable it to function properly, eliciting mechanisms that benefit the host (animate being). The working together of all cells gives an creature its power to move, to reproduce, to respond to stimuli, to digest and absorb nutrient, etc. Generally, the combined endeavor by all animal cells is what enables the normal functioning of the torso.
Animal Cell Free Worksheet
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Animate being cell organelles
The major cell organelles include:
Plasma membrane (Cell membrane)
Definition of Plasma membrane (Prison cell membrane)
It is a thin semipermeable protein-membrane layer that surrounds an animal cell.
Figure: Diagram of Plasma membrane (Cell membrane), created with biorender.com
Construction of Plasma membrane (Cell membrane)
- Thin semi-permeable membrane
- It contains a percentage of lipids making a semi-permeable barrier between the prison cell and its physical environment.
- It has some protein components a
- It is very consistent around the prison cell
- All living cells have a plasma membrane.
Functions of Plasma membrane (Prison cell membrane)
- To enclose and protect the cell content
- To likewise regulate the molecules that pass into and out of the prison cell, through the plasma membrane. Therefore it controls homeostasis.
- The proteins are actively involved in transporting materials across the membrane
- The proteins and lipids allow cell communication, and carbohydrates (sugars and sugar chains), which decorate both the proteins and lipids and assistance cells recognize each other.
Nucleus
Definition of Nucleus
- This is a spherical structured organelle establish majorly at the center of a cell surrounded past a double-layered nuclear membrane separating information technology from the cytoplasm.
- It is held together to the cytoplasm with the help of the filaments and microtubules.
- It holds other cells organelles including the nucleolus, nucleosomes, and chromatins.
- A prison cell has ane nucleus which divides producing multinucleated cells e.g. the skeletal muscle prison cell fibers.
- Some cells lose their nuclei later maturations e.g. the carmine blood cells.
Effigy: Diagram of Nucleus, created with biorender.com
Construction of Nucleus
- The double-layered membrane is a continuous channel of membranous from the endoplasmic reticulum network.
- The membrane has pores which allow entry of large molecule
- Nucleoli (Singular; nucleolus) are tiny/modest bodies found in the nucleus
- The nucleus and its component organelles are suspended in the nucleoplasm (Firm of the chromosomal DNA and genetic materials)
Functions of Nucleus
- The master role of the nucleus is to control and regulate prison cell activities of growth and maintain cell metabolisms.
- It also carries the genes that have hereditary data of the cell.
- The chromosomal DNA and genetic materials, which are fabricated up of genetic coded ultimately make up their proteins' amino acid sequences for utilize by the cell.
- Therefore, the nucleus is the data center.
- Information technology is the site for Transcription (germination of mRNA from DNA) and the mRNA is transported to the nuclear envelope.
Cytoplasm
Definition of Cytoplasm
- This is a gel-like cloth that contains all the cell organelles, enclosed within the prison cell membrane.
- These organelles include; Mitochondria, ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi appliance, lysosomes intermediate filaments, microfilaments microtubules, vesicles.
Effigy: Diagram of Cytoplasm, created with biorender.com
Mitochondria
Definition of Mitochondria
- These are membrane-jump organelles located in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells
- The number of mitochondria found in each prison cell varies widely depending on the role of the cell it performs.
- For example, erythrocytes do not have mitochondria while the liver and muscle cells have thousands of mitochondria.
Figure: Diagram of Mitochondria, created with biorender.com
Construction of Mitochondria
- They are rod-shaped or oval or spherically shaped, with a size of 0.five to 10 μm.
- Mitochondria have two special membranes – outer and inner membrane.
- They have a mitochondrial gel-matric in the central mass.
- The membranes curve into folds known equally cristae.
Functions of Mitochondria
- Their primary function is to generate energy for the cell i.e they are the ability generators, producing energy in grade of Adenosine Tri-phosphate (ATP), past converting nutrients and oxygen into energy enabling the prison cell to perform its function and to also release excess free energy from the cell.
- Mitochondria also store calcium which assists in cell signaling activity, generating cellular and mechanical heat and mediating cellular growth and death.
- The outer membrane is permeable, allowing the transport of pocket-sized molecules and a special channel to ship large molecules.
- The inner mitochondrial membrane is less permeable thus allowing very small-scale molecules into the mitochondrial gel-matrix in the key mass. The gel matrix is composed of the mitochondria DNA and enzymes for the Tricarboxylic Acrid (TCA) wheel or the Kreb'south Cycle.
- The TCA bike uses up the nutrients, converting them into by-products that the mitochondria utilize for producing energy. These processes accept place in the inner membrane because the membrane bends into folds called the cristae, where the protein components used for the main energy production system cells, known as the Electron Ship Concatenation (ETC). ETC is the main source of ATP production in the body.
- The ETC involves several sequences of oxidation-reduction reactions to transport electrons from one protein component to some other, thus producing energy that is used for phosphorylation of ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) to ATP. This process is called the chemiosmotic coupling of oxidative phosphorylation. This mechanism gives energy to most cellular activities including muscle move and they power up the general brain office.
- Some if not all proteins and molecules that make up the mitochondria come from the jail cell nucleus. The mitochondrial nucleus genome has 37 genes of which 13 of these genes produce most of the components of the ETC. Even so, mitochondrial DNA is very vulnerable to mutations considering they don't possess a large Dna repair machinery, a common element found in other nuclear DNAs.
- Moreover, Reactive Oxygen Species ((ROS)) too called gratis radicals are produced in the mitochondrion, because of the preference for abnormal production of gratuitous electrons. These electrons are neutralized by antioxidant proteins in the mitochondrion. All the same, some of the free radicals tin can damage mitochondrial Dna (mtDNA).
- Every bit, consumption of alcohol can crusade damage to the mtDNA because excess ethanol in the body causes saturation of the detoxifying enzymes leading to the production and leakage of highly reactive electrons into the cytoplasmic membrane and into the mitochondrial matrix, combining with other cellular molecules forming numerous radicals that significantly cause cell harm.
- About organisms inherit the mtDNA from their mother. This is because the maternal egg donates nearly of the cytoplasm to the embryo while the mitochondria inherited from the father's sperm is destroyed. This causes the origin of inherited and acquired mitochondrial diseases due to mutations transmitted into the embryo from the maternal and paternal DNA or maternal mtDNA. Such diseases include Alzheimer'southward disease and Parkinson's disease. When mutated mtDNA accumulates over time has been linked to aging and the development of certain cancers and diseases.
- Naturally, mitochondria play a major role in programmed cell expiry (apoptosis) and due to mutations in the mtDNA can inhibit cell expiry-causing the development of cancer.
Ribosomes
Definition of Ribosomes
- They are small organelles majorly made upwards of threescore% RNA cytoplasmic- granules and twoscore% proteins.
- All living cells incorporate ribosomes, which may be freely circulating in the cytoplasm and some are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Information technology is the site for poly peptide synthesis.
Figure: Diagram of Ribosome, created with biorender.com
Structure of Ribosomes
- Ribosomes are made upwardly of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). In a eukaryotic cell, ribosomes institute one-half ribosomal RNA and half ribosomal proteins.
- Each ribosome is fabricated up of two subunits i. due east big subunit and small subunit with their own distinct shapes. These subunits are designated every bit the 40s and 60s in the animal cell.
Functions of Ribosomes
- Ribosomes that occur as gratuitous particles are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane occurring in large numbers accounting for about a quarter of the cell organelles. A single replicated jail cell has about x million ribosomes.
- The ribosomal subunits are the site for genetic coding into proteins. On the ribosomes, the mRNA helps determine the coding for Transfer RNA (tRNA) which also determines the protein amino acrid sequences. This leads to the formation of the rRNA which are involved in the catalyzation of peptidyl transferase creating the peptide bond found between the amino acrid sequences that develop the proteins. The formed proteins then detach from the ribosomes, migrating to other cell parts for utilization past the jail cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Structure of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- This is a continuous folded membranous organelle found in the cytoplasm made up of a thin network of flattened interconnected compartments (sacs) that connects from the cytoplasm to the cell nucleus.
- Within its membranes, there are membranous spaces chosen the cristae spaces and the membrane folding are called cristae.
- At that place are 2 types of ER based on their structure and the function they perform including Crude Endoplasmic reticulum and the Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Figure: Diagram of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), created with biorender.com
Functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Manufacturing, processing and transporting proteins for cell utilization both in and out of the prison cell. This is because it is directly connected to the nuclear membrane providing a passage between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
- The ER has more than half the membranous cell content, hence it has a large expanse where chemical reactions take place. They besides contain the enzymes for nigh all the cell lipid synthesis hence they are the site for lipid synthesis.
The variation in physical and functional characteristics differentiate the ER into two types i.due east Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Shine endoplasmic reticulum.
Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) – Crude ER is called "rough" because in that location surface is covered with ribosomes, giving it a rough advent. The function of the ribosomes on rough ER is to synthesis proteins and they have a signaling sequence, directing them to the endoplasmic reticulum for processing. Crude ER transports the proteins and lipids through the cell into the cristae. They are so sent into the Golgi bodies or inserted into the cell membrane.
- Smoothen Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) – Smooth ER is not associated with ribosomes and their unction is different from that of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, despite lying adjacent to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Its office is to synthesis lipids (cholesterol and phospholipids) that are utilized for producing new cellular membranes. They are besides involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol for certain cell types. Information technology also contributes to the detoxification of the liver after the intake of drugs and toxic chemicals.
- There is also a specialized type of shine ER known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Its office is to regulate the concentration of Calcium ions in the musculus cell cytoplasm.
Golgi apparatus (Golgi bodies/ Golgi complex)
Construction of Golgi appliance (Golgi bodies)
- These are membrane-bound cell organelles found in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, side by side to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the nucleus.
- Golgi bodies are supported together past cytoplasmic microtubules and held by a poly peptide matrix
- It is fabricated upwards of flattened stacked pouches known equally cisternae.
- These cisternae may be four- 10 in number for animal prison cell Golgi bodies though some organisms like unmarried-celled organisms have about lx cisternae.
- They have three primary compartments known as cis (Cisternae Nearest the Endoplasmic Reticulum), medial (central layers of cisternae) and the trans (cisternae farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum).
- Animal cells take very few (i-2) Golgi bodies while plants take a few hundred.
Figure: second and 3D Diagram of Golgi apparatus (Golgi bodies or Golgi complex), created with biorender.com
Functions of Golgi apparatus (Golgi bodies)
- Their master part is to transport, modify and pack proteins and lipids into the Golgi vesicles to deliver them to their target sites. Animal cells contain one or more Golgi bodies while plants have a few hundred.
- Cis and trans Golgi network make up the outer layer of cisternae at the cis and trans face and they are responsible for sorting proteins and lipids received at the cis face and released past the trans face, past the Golgi bodies.
- The cis face collects the proteins and lipids, of fused vesicles in clusters. The fused vesicles move along the microtubules through a specialized compartment known every bit the vesicular-tubular cluster. This compartment is found between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus.
- The vesicle clusters fuse with the cis Golgi network, delivering the proteins and lipids into the cis face cisternae and as they movement from the cis face to the trans face up, they get modified to functional units. These functional units get delivered to intracellular and extracellular components of the jail cell.
- Modification mechanisms include:
- Cleaving of oligosaccharides chains
- Attachment of sugar moieties of different side chains
- Calculation fatty acids and/or phosphate groups by phosphorylation, and/or removing monosaccharides eastward.1000. the removal of the mannose moieties takes place in the cis and the medial cisternae while adding of galactose takes place in the trans cisternae.
- Sorting of the modified proteins and lipids occurs in the trans-Golgi network and packed into the trans vesicles, which then delivers them to the lysosomes or sometimes to the jail cell membrane for exocytosis. Assisted by ligands bound to receptors triggering fusion and protein secretion.
Lysosomes
It is also known as cell vesicles; Lysosomes were discovered by Christian Rene de Duve, a Belgian cytologist in the 1950s.
Figure: 2D and 3D Diagram of Lysosomes, created with biorender.com
Structure of Lysosomes
- They are round subcellular organelle plant in almost all eukaryotic cells
- Lysosomes are very acidic organelles containing the digestive enzymes and therefore each of the lysosomes is surrounded by a membrane to protect information technology from the outer environs.
Functions of Lysosomes
- This is the site for digestion of cell nutrients, excretion, and jail cell renewal.
- Lysosomes break down macromolecules components from the outside of the prison cell into simpler elements that are transported into the cytoplasm via a proton pump to build new cell materials.
- These macromolecule components include old cells and parts, cell waste matter products, microorganisms, and cell debris.
- The digestive enzymes found in the lysosomes are called hydrolytic enzymes or acid hydrolases, breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules that can be utilized past the cell.
- These enzymes too break down big molecules e. 1000 proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, into small molecules east.g. amino acids and uncomplicated sugars, fatty acids, respectively.
- Note: The enzymes are active simply on the inside of the acidic lysosome and their acidity protects the cell from degrading itself when there is lysosomal leakage because the cell pH is neutral to slightly alkaline.
Cytoskeleton
Construction of Cytoskeleton
- This is a fibrous network that'southward formed from and by different proteins of long chains of amino acids.
- These proteins are constitute in the cell cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cells.
- They are also made up of three types of tiny filaments: Actin filaments (Microfilaments), Microtubules, Intermediate filaments.
Figure: Diagram of Cytoskeleton, created with biorender.com
Functions of Cytoskeleton
- The cytoskeleton functions to create a network organizing the cell components and to as well maintain the cell shape.
- It likewise provided a uniform movement of the cell and its organelles, past the filament organisation network found in the cell'southward cytoplasm.
- Information technology besides organizes some of the prison cell components maintaining the cell shape
- It plays a major role in the movement of the cell and some prison cell organelles in the cytoplasm.
- The tiny filaments include:
- Actin filaments; also known equally microfilaments; it's a meshwork of fibers running parallel to each other and they play a primary function in giving the jail cell its shape; they modify consistently, helping the cell to move and to also mediate sure cell activities such equally adherence power to substrates and cleavage mechanisms during mitotic cell division
- Microtubules-these are long filaments that assist in mitosis moving girl chromosomes to new forming daughter cells.
- Intermediate filaments– they are more stable filaments in comparing to the actin and microtubules. They form the true skeleton of the cell, and the hold the nucleus in its rightful position within the cell.
- It too allows the cell'south elasticity factor enabling it to endure physical tension.
- Other proteins that may be added every bit part of the cytoskeleton of the cell include septin ((assembles the filaments) and spectrin (assistance maintain the structure of the cell by pulling together the cell membrane with the intracellular surface of the jail cell).
Microtubules
Structure of Microtubules
- These are long, direct, hollow cylinders filaments that are constructed from 13-15 sub-filaments (protofilament) strand of a special globular protein called tubulin, found only in eukaryotic cells.
- They are found throughout the cytoplasm of the animal cell.
Figure: Diagram of Microtubules, created with biorender.com
Functions of Microtubules
- Transportation of some organelles like the mitochondria and the vesicles i.e. transporting vesicles from the neuron cell body to the axon tips, and back to the cell body
- Structural back up, they give feature support to the Golgi bodies, holding them within the gel-matrix of the cytoplasm.
- They provide the rigid and organized component of the cytoskeleton of the cell, enabling a cell to take upwards a particular shape.
- They are the main elements that make up the locomotive projections of a cell (cilia and flagella)
- They also play a role in forming the spindle fibers of the chromosome of the cell during mitotic cell partition.
Centrioles
This is distinctly found in the animal cell, which has the ability to replicate or make copies by itself. Information technology is made up of ix microtubule bundles and their chief function is to assist in organizing the jail cell division process.
Figure: Diagram of Centrioles, created with biorender.com
Structure of Centrioles
- It is a modest structure that is fabricated up of nine sets of microtubules, placed in groups of 3 hence they are triplet microtubules.
- As triplets, they remain very strong together hence they have been observed to be in structures like cilia and flagella.
- The triplet microtubules are held together by proteins, giving the centriole its shape.
- They are establish in the centrosome, creating and holding microtubules within the cell.
- The triplet microtubules are surrounded by a pericentriolar matrix containing molecules that build up the microtubules.
- Each microtubule inside the triplet microtubule complex is fabricated upward of tubulin subunits that join together forming long hollow tubes that look similar straw (microtubules).
Functions of Centrioles
- The centriole microtubules allow the transportation of substances that are linked together with a glycoprotein to whatsoever cell location. the glycoprotein linkage acts as a signaling unit of measurement to move specific proteins.
- The centrioles ballast the microtubules that extend from it and contain the factors needed to create more tubules.
- Mitosis is achieved by replication of each centriole which makes duplicates of each centriole (iv centrioles). The newly formed centrioles divide into 2 centrosomes, each centriole at an angle to the second centriole. The microtubules betwixt the centrosomes, push button the pairs of centrioles apart, to the contrary ends of the cell. When the centrioles are in place, the microtubules extend to the jail cell cytoplasm, to seek for the chromosome. The microtubules then bind to the chromosome at the centromere. The microtubules are then unassembled fro the centriole moving the chromosomes apart.
Peroxisomes
These are tiny bodies found in the cytoplasm.
Figure: Diagram of Peroxisome, created with biorender.com
Construction of Peroxisomes
- They are spherically shaped, leap by a membrane and they are the most common micro-bodies in the cell cytoplasm.
Functions of Peroxisomes
- Peroxisomes functions include:
- Lipid metabolism
- Chemical detoxification by moving hydrogen atoms from various oxygen molecules to produce hydrogen peroxide, hence neutralizing torso poison such as booze.
- Its machinery in Reactive Oxygen species is highly essential.
Cilia and Flagella
These are locomotive projections found on the surface of the cell.
Figure: Diagram of Cilia and Flagella, created with biorender.com
Structure of Cilia and flagella
- They are made of strands of filaments. these filaments take partial and consummate microtubules that extend the projections. Partial microtubules don't extend to the tip of the cilium and the complete microtubules extend to the tip of the cilium.
- The microtubules too have motor proteins known equally dynein making a link between the partial microtubules to the consummate microtubules.
- The whole drove is combined together every bit extensions on the plasma membrane of the cell.
Functions of Cilia and flagella
- Sperm cells have flagella allowing them to swim to the ova for fertilization. For single cells, such as sperm, this enables them to swim.
- Cilia in the animal prison cell helps move fluids away from and past immobile cells.
- Cilia help move surface particles specially on the epithelial lining of the nostrils and movement fungus over the surface of the cell.
Endosome
These are vesicles bound by membranes and formed by a mechanism of endocytosis. They are institute in the jail cell cytoplasm.
Figure: Diagram of Endosomes, created with biorender.com
Structure of Endosome
- They are membranous organelles that are bound to the jail cell membrane.
Functions of Endosome
- Its main function involves folding in of the plasma membrane. The folding allows diffusing in of molecules through the extracellular fluids.
- Their primary role is to remove waste matter materials from the cell past endocytic processes such as exocytosis and phagocytosis
Vacuoles
These are fluid-filled cell organelles enclosed by a membrane.
Effigy: Diagram of Vacuole, created with biorender.com
Construction of Vacuoles
- They are membrane-jump sacs found inside the cell cytoplasm.
- The vacuole sac has a single membrane surrounding information technology known every bit a tonoplast and this membrane resembles the plasma membrane.
Functions of Vacuoles
- their primary function is to store food, h2o, carbohydrates in the form of sugars and waste materials.
- Tonoplast is a regulator controlling the inflow and outflow of small across a protein pump
- acts every bit the guard for what kinds of matter are allowed passage to and from vacuoles
- They too remove toxic substances and waste materials from the cell as a protection strategy.
- They also remove poorly folded proteins from the cell.
- Vacuoles also can be able to change their functionality to provide necessary roles that suit the jail cell, by beingness able to change shape and size.
Microvilli
These are surface protrusions institute in the intestinal lining, on egg jail cell surfaces, and on white blood cells.
Effigy: Diagram of Microvilli, created with biorender.com
Structure of Microvilli
- These are surface protrusions formed from accessory proteins of the actin filaments. The accompaniment proteins parcel together to class microvilli on the surface of the cell membrane
Functions of Microvilli
- In the pocket-size intestines, they increment the area for the absorption of digested food and water. Some microvilli may be institute in the ear for detection of audio and they transmit the audio waves to the brain through an electric betoken.
- They as well help to anchor the sperm to the egg for easy fertilization.
- In white claret cells, they besides act as anchors allowing the white claret cells to freely move in the circulatory organization to adhere to possible pathogens.
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- <1% – https://biologywise.com/plant-cell-organelles
- <1% – https://biologywise.com/cell-membrane-structure-part
- <1% – https://biologydictionary.net/smoothen-endoplasmic-reticulum/
- <1% – https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/organelle-structure-part/
- <i% – https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/56/11/B475/591131
- <one% – http://www.cytochemistry.net/cell-biology/cilia.htm
- <1% – http://www.biologyreference.com/Co-Dn/Cytoskeleton.html
- <i% – http://new-bear witness.pow/10175215158/142/rough-endoplasmic-reticulum.html
Source: https://microbenotes.com/animal-cell-definition-structure-parts-functions-and-diagram/
Posted by: rydereling1966.blogspot.com
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